Velopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD)
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD) is a condition where the velopharyngeal valve, located at the back of the throat, fails to close properly during speech. This results in air leakage through the nose, causing speech to sound nasal or hypernasal. VPD can occur due to structural issues, such as a cleft palate, or functional problems, where the muscles controlling the valve do not function effectively. Treatment often involves speech therapy, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to improve the function of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Early diagnosis and intervention are important for effective management.