The ancient pathways of the Silk Road offer travelers boundless opportunities to delve into the heart of Central Asia, unveiling a tapestry of experiences that span from tranquil lake-dotted mountain plateaus to elaborate mausoleum complexes and vibrant cities brimming with Soviet-era architecture.
The term ‘Silk Road’ conjures images of Marco Polo and endless caravans traversing vast distances from Beijing to Baghdad and onward to the Venetian Lagoon. However, the reality is far more complex. Rather than a single, defined route, the Silk Road comprised a network of trade routes linking China and Europe over a span of approximately 1,600 years, from the 2nd century BC to 1450. While these routes extended as far south as India and Southeast Asia, the primary artery of trade flowed overland through the heart of Central Asia, navigating treacherous snowy passes and unforgiving deserts. Over time, the routes shifted due to various factors, including increased taxes imposed by regional rulers and the constant threat of bandits plundering valuable cargo such as silk, tea, ivory, and precious metals.
Remnants of this bygone era are scattered across the region today, particularly in the Central Asian segments of the Silk Road. However, few merchants and travelers completed the arduous journey from Europe to China in its entirety, as goods and wealth changed hands multiple times along the way. Similarly, modern-day travelers often opt for segmented exploration of the region, as traversing the full length would surpass even the duration of Marco Polo’s famed 24-year journey in the 13th century.
History enthusiasts and aficionados of architecture are drawn to Uzbekistan, where meticulously preserved mosques and madrasas lie concealed within fortress walls, alongside intriguing Soviet-era architectural marvels. For adventurers seeking rugged landscapes and high-altitude escapades, Kyrgyzstan beckons with its majestic snow-capped peaks and vibrant nomadic traditions. Kazakhstan offers a fusion of historical intrigue and natural beauty, boasting a handful of captivating Silk Road ruins amidst breathtaking landscapes. Meanwhile, the legendary Pamir Highway, a renowned route described by Marco Polo, predominantly traverses Tajikistan’s terrain, yet access restrictions and safety concerns present challenges for intrepid travelers eager to embark on this epic journey.
Itinerary 1: Exploring Silk Road Cities
Formerly bustling centers of global commerce and vibrant cross-cultural interaction, the cities of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan beckon as captivating havens for history enthusiasts, boasting a wealth of ornate Islamic architecture and evocative ruins awaiting discovery.
Days 1-3: Almaty to Turkistan
Upon arriving in Almaty, Kazakhstan’s vibrant metropolis, embark on a memorable train journey lasting between 13 to 17 hours to Turkistan, a historical gem renowned for the magnificent Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi. Dating back to the late 14th century, this architectural masterpiece stands as an early exemplar of the Timurid style, characterized by intricate tilework, soaring minarets, and majestic domes, embodying the essence of the Silk Road’s cultural splendor. Dedicate half a day to exploring the partially excavated ruins of the 10th-century desert fortress Sauran, nestled 25 miles northwest of Turkistan, offering a glimpse into the region’s ancient past.
Days 4-7: Tashkent to Khiva
Cross the border into Uzbekistan and immerse yourself in the bustling ambiance of Tashkent, the nation’s dynamic capital brimming with verdant parks and enchanting fountains. Explore architectural wonders such as the 18th-century Kukeldash Madrasah and the historic Hazrati Imam complex, home to the world’s oldest surviving Quran. Journey onwards to Urgench by plane, bus, or train, followed by a shared taxi ride to Khiva, a meticulously preserved fortress city that stands as a testament to the grandeur of the Central Asian Silk Road. Delve into the ancient wonders of Itchan Kala, the city’s venerable old town, where centuries-old structures beckon with tales of bygone eras.
Days 8-12: Bukhara and Samarkand
Embark on a scenic train journey to Bukhara, where history and modernity harmoniously coexist amidst enchanting trading domes and abandoned synagogues. Marvel at architectural marvels such as the Gur-e-Amir mausoleum complex and the iconic Registan plaza in Samarkand, a UNESCO-listed city famed for its ornate mosaics and storied past. Explore the Shah-i-Zinda mausoleum complex, adorned with vibrant tiled facades, and immerse yourself in the timeless allure of these legendary Silk Road cities.
Days 13-14: Exploring Shakhrisabz
Embark on a captivating excursion to Shakhrisabz, the birthplace of Timur, the formidable conqueror of the Timurid Empire. Delve into the town’s rich history at the Chubin Madrasah, converted into a museum dedicated to Timur and his illustrious empire. Explore the charming streets lined with traditional architecture and immerse yourself in the cultural heritage of this historic town, providing a fitting conclusion to your Silk Road odyssey.
Itinerary 2: Soviet Legacy
The Soviet Union ruled over much of Central Asia for more than half the 20th century, leaving an enduring physical and ideological legacy that can still be observed in the Silk Road nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
Days 1-2: Discovering Almaty’s Soviet Legacy
Commence your journey in Almaty, delving into the Soviet-era history of Kazakhstan’s capital through its architectural marvels and artistic expressions of the era. Embark on a guided exploration with Walking Almaty, uncovering the Modernist mosaics and Imperial-era buildings that adorn the historic center, offering insights into the city’s past. Ascend into the mountains above the city to visit the iconic Medeu Highland Skating Rink, a symbol of Soviet sporting prowess that witnessed the breaking of over 200 world records by Soviet skaters before the collapse of the USSR. Today, it remains a popular venue and a testament to Almaty’s rich sporting heritage.
Days 3-6: Journey to Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan’s Soviet Past
Embark on a scenic westward journey by car to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, where remnants of Soviet architecture converge around a towering statue of Lenin in the city center. Venture just over an hour east to discover the Issyk-Ata Sanatoria, a relic of the Soviet era offering visitors a glimpse into the bygone days of hospital-spa-summer-camps. Traverse the picturesque valley, embarking on a hike to a serene waterfall before rejuvenating in the sanatoria’s soothing hot springs. Pay homage to the Ata Beyit Memorial Complex, a poignant reminder of Soviet-era atrocities, before returning to Bishkek.
Days 7-10: Tashkent’s Soviet Modernism and Beyond
Embark on a nine-hour overland journey or a brief flight from Bishkek to Tashkent, Uzbekistan’s capital, where Soviet modernism juxtaposes with Islamic tradition. Wander through the city’s eclectic architectural landscape, from the Monument to Courage Earthquake Memorial to the bustling Chorsu Bazaar and the imposing facade of Hotel Uzbekistan. Descend into the depths of the Tashkent Metro, marveling at the unique architectural styles of its 43 stations. Venture outside the city to witness the colossal Physics of the Sun solar furnace complex, a striking testament to Soviet industrial ingenuity.
Days 11-14: Exploring Nukus and the Aral Sea Tragedy
Conclude your journey in Nukus, a remote town on the former shores of the Aral Sea, reachable via a lengthy car journey from Tashkent. Explore the renowned Nukus Museum of Art, housing Igor Savitsky’s unparalleled collection of Soviet avant-garde art. Witness the ecological devastation wrought by Soviet water management policies with a tour of the desolate Aral Sea basin, where marooned ships lie as haunting relics of a bygone era. Experience the stark beauty of the barren scrublands and immerse yourself in the desert landscapes near Moynaq, reflecting on the ecological warning embodied by this tragic yet captivating region.
Itinerary 3: Embracing the Mountains & Outdoor Adventure
Strap on your hiking boots and venture into the majestic Tien Shan Mountains. Aptly named the ‘heavenly mountains,’ this awe-inspiring range spans the border between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, boasting breathtaking vistas of snow-capped peaks. From leisurely strolls to adrenaline-pumping expeditions, there’s an adventure here to suit every skill level.
Days 1-4: Exploring Charyn Canyon and Kolsai Lakes
Embark on a scenic three-hour drive from the mountain-fringed city of Almaty in Kazakhstan to the awe-inspiring Charyn Canyon, a 93-mile-long marvel of nature characterized by towering red-rock formations and intricate labyrinthine gorges. Delve into exhilarating hikes amidst the breathtaking landscapes of this natural wonder. Settle into the charming alpine village of Sati, an idyllic base camp for exploring the serene beauty of the Kolsai Lakes. Embark on a picturesque five-mile trek from the nearest lake to the next, followed by a challenging two-and-a-half-mile ascent to the final lake. Venture eastward to discover the enchanting Lake Kaindy, formed by a seismic event in 1911, where a submerged forest of spruce trees creates a surreal spectacle, offering a glimpse into the region’s geological history.
Days 5-8: Trekking in Karakol and Ala-Kul Lake
Cross the border into Kyrgyzstan and journey to the historic town of Karakol, founded in 1869 as a military outpost and now a bustling hub for outdoor enthusiasts. Embark on the iconic three-day trek to Ala-Kul Lake, ascending to an elevation of 3,900 meters for panoramic views from the Ala-Kul Pass. Upon completing the trek, unwind amidst the soothing waters of the Altyn-Arashan hot springs, accessible via a scenic day trip aboard a Soviet-era military truck.
Days 9-11: Exploring Issyk Kol Lake
Embark on a captivating exploration of Issyk Kol Lake, immersing yourself in the tranquil ambiance of lakeside yurt camps such as Feel Nomad or Bel-Tam. Participate in conservation initiatives with a guided hike through Baiboosun Nature Reserve, or opt for a leisurely stroll to the Shatyly Panorama, offering panoramic vistas of Issyk Kol Lake and the majestic Tien Shan peaks.
Days 12-14: Discovering Song-Kol Lake and Bishkek
Journey to the breathtaking Song-Kol Lake, nestled at an elevation of 3,015 meters. Enjoy a scenic drive or embark on a multi-day hiking and horse-trekking adventure from Kochkor or Kyzart to reach this pristine alpine paradise. Spend a rejuvenating day exploring the tranquil grasslands on horseback, followed by a scenic drive to the vibrant capital city of Bishkek. Explore the lush forested slopes of Ala Archa National Park on invigorating day hikes or delve into the Soviet-era architecture that graces the bustling streets of the capital.
What visas will I need for Central Asia?
Visa requirements in Central Asia have undergone significant changes in recent years, making travel more accessible for many nationalities. Travelers holding UK passports currently enjoy visa-free entry to Kazakhstan for stays of up to 30 days, Uzbekistan for 30 days, and Kyrgyzstan for 60 days. However, for longer stays, a visa is still required, which can be obtained either through the respective country’s embassy or via their e-visa platform.
For Tajikistan, a visa is necessary for entry, and it’s recommended to apply online before arrival to avoid the inconvenience of the on-arrival visa service, which can be time-consuming and frustrating.
Am I likely to need any travel permits?
Yes, certain remote border regions in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan may require special permits for travel. For instance, if your itinerary includes the Pamir Highway in Tajikistan, you’ll need a permit from the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. It’s advisable to apply for this permit along with your initial visa application to streamline the process.
Applying for permits can sometimes involve bureaucratic procedures reminiscent of the Soviet era. If you’re traveling independently, it may be worth enlisting the services of a local tour company to handle the permit application on your behalf. The typical fees for permits range from £25 to £40 per permit.
How should I manage money while traveling?
While credit cards are generally accepted in the cities of Central Asia, they may not be as widely used in rural areas. It’s advisable to carry cash for small purchases, especially outside urban centers. Although ATMs are prevalent in major cities, they can occasionally run out of cash, especially on weekends. Therefore, it’s prudent to carry some foreign currency as a backup.
British pounds and Euros can typically be exchanged in cities, but in smaller towns and rural areas, US dollars are often the preferred currency for exchange. It’s wise to plan accordingly and ensure you have a mix of payment options to cover your expenses while traveling in Central Asia.
What languages are spoken across the Central Asian Silk Road?
Russian serves as the lingua franca in much of the Central Asian region. In popular tourist destinations, you can generally expect to find English-speaking staff at tourism businesses. However, it may be more challenging to find English speakers in rural areas. Therefore, it’s advisable to learn some basic Russian phrases or consider hiring a local guide to assist with communication, especially if venturing off the beaten path.
How should I dress while traveling here?
It’s advisable to dress modestly while traveling across the region, as locals generally adhere to conservative clothing norms. While visitors aren’t necessarily expected to conform to local dress codes, you may attract unwanted attention if you don’t cover your shoulders and knees, particularly in rural areas. Capital cities in Central Asia tend to be more liberal in terms of attire, but it’s still respectful to dress modestly out of consideration for local customs and culture.
Getting there & around:
The most convenient way to reach Central Asia from the UK is via direct flights departing from Heathrow Airport. Uzbekistan Airways offers flights to Tashkent twice a week (7 hours), while Air Astana flies to Aktau in Kazakhstan five times a week (6 hours). Both airlines provide onward connections within the region to various national capitals and smaller cities. Lufthansa also operates flights from the UK to Almaty and Astana in Kazakhstan via Frankfurt (four weekly, 6-7.5 hours). Alternatively, Turkish Airlines offers flights from Manchester or London to Istanbul, connecting to 14 airports within the region.
Within Central Asian cities, public bus and minibus networks are available, with metro systems in Tashkent and Almaty. For intercity travel, set-route minibuses or shared taxis extensively cover cities and towns. While trains are a popular option in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, internal flights within Kazakhstan can significantly reduce travel time.
In Uzbekistan, high-speed rail links Tashkent to Samarkand and Bukhara, with plans to extend the network to Khiva by 2024. Ticket prices vary by route, typically costing around £12 for the 3.5-hour journey from Tashkent to Bukhara. Some longer routes, such as Astana to Almaty (16 hours), offer cabin accommodations. In both countries, a network of Soviet-era train services remains operational. It’s advisable to book train tickets at least three or four days in advance, as they often sell out.
When to go:
April to May is considered an ideal time for cultural tourism across the region, as the spring rains have subsided, and daytime temperatures are pleasant in the lower elevations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, ranging from highs of 24-31°C. However, mountainous areas may still experience cold weather during this period.
July and August are perfect for outdoor activities such as hiking and horseback riding, but it’s essential to note that cities like Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Bishkek will experience sweltering temperatures, reaching around 35°C.
October and November mark the onset of heavy rains and the first snowfalls.
Winter is an excellent time for ski holidays near Almaty, Bishkek, Karakol, and Tashkent. However, it’s worth noting that the region’s cities are often affected by smog during this time of year. It’s advisable to stay in mountain resorts whenever possible to avoid the pollution in urban areas.