Climbing Kilimanjaro is a once-in-a-lifetime adventure. Whether you’re an experienced mountaineer or a novice, there are essential questions to contemplate before attempting to conquer the Tanzanian summit.
Ascending Tanzania’s Mount Kilimanjaro at sunrise, with panoramic views across the savanna, is a truly unforgettable experience. Kilimanjaro, which rises from the Tanzania-Kenya border, stands as Africa’s tallest mountain at 19,340 feet. It is one of the Seven Summits and the world’s highest freestanding mountain. Also called ‘the Roof of Africa,’ this dormant volcano’s immense size, geological intrigue, natural beauty, and rich human history draw over 30,000 climbers each year.
In 1887, Yohani Lauwo, a member of the Chagga tribe, led an expedition that enabled Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller to become the first Europeans to reach the summit. Lauwo lived to be 125 years old and earned the nickname ‘The Old Man of Mount Kilimanjaro.’ Today, his grandson Joshua Mlay continues his legacy as a guide for Intrepid Ventures. “I keep on practicing my grandpa’s legacy, because every time I get up there I feel a sense of belonging,” he says.
The trek passes through five distinct climate zones: bushland, rainforest, heath, alpine desert, and finally, an icy arctic landscape. The plains are home to a variety of wildlife, including leopards and elephants, and the trek is accompanied by the calls of colobus monkeys and tropical birds. At the summit, climbers can peer into craters and an ash pit surrounded by the ice cliffs of a glacier.
What Levels of Fitness and Climbing Experience Do I Need?
Kilimanjaro is more of a long, high-altitude trek than a technical climb, so you don’t need ropes, ice axes, or crampons. This makes it suitable for individuals without climbing skills. Having a basic level of fitness will enhance your experience, making it more enjoyable rather than a grueling endurance test.
If you are capable of long walks, a few months of regular walking, running, or hiking will help build the strength and stamina in your legs, along with boosting your confidence. For those lacking basic fitness, a longer period of preparation is recommended to get in shape.
Joshua advises consulting your doctor if you have concerns about your fitness or ability to handle high altitudes. “Kilimanjaro is doable, but you need to come with a positive mind and very positive vibes,” he says.
How Do I Choose a Guide and Tour Operator?
Regulations require climbers to ascend Kilimanjaro with a local guide. This means any expedition operator based outside of Tanzania must partner with local companies, thus supporting the local economy.
With numerous options available, it’s crucial to thoroughly research expedition outfitters. “Make sure the tour operator is licensed by the Kilimanjaro National Park and registered with the Tanzania Association of Tour Operators,” advises Jon Gupta of Mountain Expeditions.
Avoid being tempted by the cheapest prices, as these can signify cost-cutting measures such as rushing the climb, using subpar equipment, omitting essential items, or paying unfair wages to porters and staff. Reading online reviews can provide insight into the standards of various operators.
What Are the Travel, Accommodation, and Catering Logistics?
Many airlines offer flights to Kilimanjaro International Airport. The route you choose will determine your starting point, but most climbers travel by minibus or taxi to Moshi or Arusha, which are gateway towns to Kilimanjaro National Park.
During the trek, you will sleep in huts or tents provided by the outfitter, which porters will carry between camps. Cooks prepare meals that are carb-heavy, energy-rich, and easy to digest, including local delicacies like mandazi (African doughnuts), all complemented by stomach-settling ginger tea.
How Much Does a Guided Expedition Cost?
The cost of a guided expedition varies, with longer climbs generally being more expensive. It’s crucial to balance the expense against the risk of struggling at altitude or failing to summit due to a rushed climb. Spending more money on a slower ascent can significantly increase your chances of reaching the top.
The best times to climb are during the dry seasons, which run from January to March and from June to October. “These months offer the best chances of clear skies and dry conditions, which can make the climb easier and more enjoyable,” says Jon.
However, be prepared for significant temperature variations both during the ascent and throughout the day. At the base, temperatures can reach up to 30°C, while at the summit, they can drop to as low as -20°C at night. “The temperature drops by around 6°C for every 1,000 meters of altitude gain,” Jon adds.
Which Route Should I Climb?
Kilimanjaro offers a network of seven official routes, with some link-up combinations. “It’s difficult to pinpoint the best route for climbing Kilimanjaro as it depends on individual preferences and fitness levels,” Jon says.
Routes differ in length, steepness, popularity, and scenic variety. Your tour operator can help you choose a route that matches your ability (for instance, a more gradual climb) and expectations (such as the best views versus quieter paths).
- Marangu Route: The busiest route, known for its hut accommodations, is easily accessible from Moshi and offers one of the shortest climbs, typically completed in five days. However, the short duration affects acclimatization, lowering its success rate. The descent retraces the ascent route, limiting views and causing two-way traffic.
- Machame Route: A longer option that allows for slower acclimatization, increasing the success rate.
- Lemosho Route: Even longer and quieter than Machame, with some of the best views, also offering high success rates.
- Rongai Route: A moderate, remote option, the only route that ascends from the north, offering good opportunities for spotting monkeys.
- Umbwe Route: The shortest and steepest route, suited for experienced climbers.
Your choice will depend on your fitness level, acclimatization needs, and preference for scenery and solitude.
How Many Days Should I Plan for My Trip?
Most teams summit and descend Kilimanjaro in around five to nine days. The climb is best approached in ‘pole pole’ style, meaning ‘slowly’ in Swahili. “Establish your own pace and maintain a steady rhythm from the outset so that you can manage the increased steepness later on,” advises Joshua.
Allowing more days for your climb increases your chances of reaching the summit. “You’ll have ample time to acclimatize and the opportunity to ascend higher and sleep at lower altitudes,” he explains. The descent typically spans two days.
Beyond climbing Kilimanjaro, there are additional activities to consider in the area such as exploring caves and waterfalls in the national park, visiting banana and coffee plantations, or embarking on a safari adventure.
What Equipment Do I Need?
A reputable operator should provide you with a detailed kit list and options for hiring equipment. Since Kilimanjaro routes traverse through five distinct climate zones—from humid rainforest to windy arctic landscapes at the summit—it’s essential to pack layers to stay warm and dry throughout the trek. Here’s what you’ll need:
- Clothing: Start with breathable base layers and layer up with a fleece and insulated jacket. Bring waterproof outer layers and thermal clothing for nighttime temperatures. Don’t forget comfortable hiking shoes, a cap for sun protection, sunscreen, and warm hat and gloves.
- Equipment: Essential gear includes trekking poles for stability, a head torch for night hikes, and an insulated sleeping bag suitable for cold temperatures. Carry a backpack with a minimum 30-liter capacity, ideally with an integrated hydration system. Consider bringing luxury items for comfort, such as snacks, an eye mask, and an inflatable pillow.
What Are the Main Risks?
The primary risk on Kilimanjaro is altitude sickness (AMS), which is the leading cause of fatalities on the mountain. Symptoms can range from headaches and nausea to more severe conditions like pulmonary or cerebral edema.
To mitigate AMS risks:
- Acclimatization: Take it slow and allow enough time for your body to adjust to the altitude.
- Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
- Guides and Monitoring: Climbing with accredited guides who are trained in first aid and can monitor symptoms using heart rate and pulse oximeters is crucial. They can provide bottled oxygen and arrange for descent if necessary.
High altitude can also pose psychological challenges, exacerbated by impaired sleep quality. Guides often use motivational songs like “Jambo Bwana,” meaning ‘hello, sir’ in Swahili, to boost morale among climbers. “It’s a motivational theme tune,” Joshua explains.
What Ethical Considerations Should I Be Aware Of?
Kilimanjaro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, holds deep cultural significance for the local Chagga people, who view it as a source of life and fertility.
Here are important ethical considerations to keep in mind:
- Respect for Local Culture and Environment: Honor the local traditions and environment. Choose tour operators with strong sustainability practices. Adhere to the ‘leave no trace’ principle: avoid littering, use designated camp toilets, and stay on marked paths. Single-use plastics are prohibited in the national park, so bring a reusable water bottle or hydration system. Porters’ loads are regulated to prevent overloading, and all waste is weighed to discourage littering.
- Climate Change Impact: Kilimanjaro’s summit glacier is disappearing due to climate change exacerbated by deforestation, which leads to warmer, drier air ascending the slopes. Consider offsetting your carbon footprint by donating to local tree-planting initiatives. Trees help cool the air through evaporation and provide shade.
- Responsible Behavior at the Summit: Avoid touching the remaining ice cliffs at the summit. “Some guides allow clients to climb the delicate, fragile glacier, which can cause it to collapse,” warns Joshua.
By being mindful of these ethical considerations, you can contribute to preserving Kilimanjaro’s cultural heritage and fragile ecosystem for future generations.
