A tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates, including humans. It is primarily used for tasting, chewing, and swallowing food, as well as for speech in humans. The tongue is made up of various muscles, nerves, and tissues, and it is highly flexible, allowing for a wide range of movements necessary for its functions. Additionally, the surface of the tongue is covered with tiny structures called papillae, which contain taste buds that enable the perception of different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Functions of human language
The tongue is covered with taste buds that enable the detection of different tastes, including sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Taste buds are located primarily on the papillae, which are small bumps on the surface of the tongue. Other functions of the human tongue:
- chewing and swallowing (mastication and deglutition). The tongue helps in manipulating food inside the mouth during chewing, mixing it with saliva to form a bolus (a mass of chewed food), and then pushing the bolus to the back of the throat to initiate the swallowing process;
- speech (articulation). The tongue plays a crucial role in forming sounds and words during speech production. It moves against various parts of the mouth, such as the teeth, palate, and lips, to modify airflow and create different sounds that make up language;
- facilitating digestion. The tongue aids in the process of digestion by mixing food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates. Additionally, the tongue helps in pushing food towards the back of the mouth and initiating the swallowing reflex, allowing food to travel down the esophagus and into the digestive tract;
- cleaning the mouth. The constant movement of the tongue helps to clean the teeth, gums, and other oral surfaces by removing food particles and bacteria. This action contributes to oral hygiene and helps prevent dental issues such as tooth decay and gum disease;
- temperature sensation. The tongue can detect the temperature of food and beverages, allowing us to perceive whether they are hot, cold, or at room temperature. This sensation helps protect the mouth from potential damage caused by extreme temperatures.
Overall, the human tongue plays a vital role in various aspects of eating, speaking, and maintaining oral health, making it an essential organ for overall well-being.
White spots on the tongue
White spots on the tongue can be caused by a variety of factors, and it’s essential to consider other accompanying symptoms and factors for a more accurate diagnosis. Here are some common causes of white spots on the tongue:
- oral thrush (candidiasis). This is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeast. It can appear as white patches on the tongue and other parts of the mouth. Oral thrush is more common in infants, the elderly, individuals with weakened immune systems, and those taking antibiotics;
- leukoplakia. Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by thick, white patches on the tongue and other mucous membranes in the mouth. It can be caused by irritation from tobacco use, chronic friction from rough teeth or dental work, or other factors;
- oral lichen planus. This is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect the mouth, causing white patches or streaks on the tongue and other oral surfaces. It can sometimes be accompanied by discomfort or pain;
- geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is a benign condition characterized by irregular, map-like patches on the tongue’s surface, which can appear white or pale. The cause is not fully understood, but it’s thought to be related to genetics and immune system factors;
- oral cancer. In some cases, white patches on the tongue can be a sign of oral cancer. It’s essential to have any persistent white spots or lesions on the tongue evaluated by a healthcare professional, especially if they are accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or difficulty swallowing;
- other causes. White spots on the tongue can also be caused by various other factors, including oral injuries, allergic reactions, nutritional deficiencies, and certain medical conditions.
If you notice white spots on your tongue or have any concerns about your oral health, it’s best to consult with a dentist or healthcare provider for a proper evaluation and diagnosis. They can recommend appropriate treatment based on the underlying cause of the white spots.
«Hair» on the tongue
The term «hair» on the tongue typically refers to a condition known as lingual papillitis or transient lingual papillitis. It’s characterized by small, raised bumps or inflamed taste buds on the tongue’s surface, which may resemble tiny hairs. The exact cause of this condition is not always clear, but potential triggers may include:
- trauma or irritation to the tongue, such as biting or burning the tongue, or consuming hot or acidic foods;
- viral infections, particularly those affecting the oral cavity, such as the herpes simplex virus;
- allergic reactions to certain foods, medications, or oral care products;
- hormonal changes or stress.
Transient lingual papillitis is usually harmless and temporary, often resolving on its own within a few days to a couple of weeks. However, it can cause discomfort or a sensation of irritation on the tongue.
Treatment for lingual papillitis typically involves managing symptoms and avoiding triggers that may exacerbate the condition. This may include practicing good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, avoiding spicy, acidic, or rough-textured foods that may further irritate the tongue.
Black tongue
Black tongue, also known as lingua villosa nigra or black hairy tongue, is a benign and temporary condition characterized by a dark discoloration or coating on the tongue’s surface. Despite its name, the condition does not involve actual hair growth on the tongue; instead, it refers to the elongation and discoloration of the tiny projections on the tongue called papillae. These papillae, which are typically pinkish-white in color, can become overgrown and stained, leading to the appearance of a black or dark-brown coating. Black tongue is often associated with several factors, including:
- poor oral hygiene. Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to the accumulation of bacteria, food debris, and dead cells on the tongue’s surface, contributing to the discoloration;
- tobacco use. Smoking or using other forms of tobacco can irritate the tongue and contribute to the development of black tongue;
- certain medications.The use of certain antibiotics, antipsychotics, and other medications can disrupt the balance of oral flora and contribute to the development of black tongue;
- mouthwashes or rinses containing peroxide or witch hazel.These products can sometimes cause staining or irritation of the tongue, leading to black tongue;
- dry mouth (xerostomia). Reduced saliva production can contribute to the buildup of bacteria and debris on the tongue’s surface, increasing the risk of black tongue.
Despite its unusual appearance, black tongue is typically harmless and resolves on its own with proper oral hygiene and lifestyle modifications. Treatment may include improving oral hygiene, hydration, avoiding tobacco and irritating substances.
Bright Red Tongue
A bright red tongue can be a result of various factors, some benign and temporary, while others may indicate underlying health issues. Here are several potential causes:
- vitamin deficiencies. Deficiencies in certain vitamins, particularly vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron, can cause the tongue to appear bright red and swollen. This condition is known as glossitis and can also lead to pain and discomfort;
- irritation. Consuming hot or spicy foods, or using certain mouthwashes or oral hygiene products that contain irritants, can cause temporary redness and inflammation of the tongue;
- infections. Bacterial or viral infections, such as streptococcal infections or oral herpes (cold sores), can cause inflammation and redness of the tongue;
- allergic reactions. Allergies to foods, medications, or other substances can sometimes cause the tongue to become red and swollen. Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, can also cause redness and swelling of the tongue, along with other symptoms such as difficulty breathing and swelling of the face and throat, which requires immediate medical attention;
- geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is a benign condition characterized by irregular, map-like patches on the tongue’s surface, which can appear red or white. The cause is not fully understood, but it’s thought to be related to genetics and immune system factors;
- scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that can cause a bright red tongue, along with other symptoms such as a red rash, fever, sore throat, and swollen glands;
- Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and can cause inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body, including the tongue. A bright red, swollen tongue is one of the characteristic symptoms of Kawasaki disease.
If you or someone else experiences persistent or severe redness of the tongue, especially if it’s accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, or rash, it’s essential to seek medical attention for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment may include addressing any deficiencies, managing symptoms, or treating the underlying condition with medication or other interventions.
Fissured Tongue
Fissured tongue, also known as lingua plicata or scrotal tongue, is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves or furrows on the tongue’s surface. These fissures or cracks can vary in depth and size and often appear as multiple parallel or intersecting lines on the top and sides of the tongue.
The exact cause of fissured tongue is not well understood, but it’s believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Some potential contributing factors may include:
- genetics. Fissured tongue can run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition to the condition;
- age. Fissured tongue is more common in older adults, possibly due to cumulative effects of environmental factors and aging processes;
- environmental factors. Chronic irritation or inflammation of the tongue caused by factors such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, or chronic mouth breathing may contribute to the development of fissured tongue.
Fissured tongue is usually harmless and does not typically cause any symptoms or require treatment. However, in some cases, food particles, debris, or bacteria may accumulate within the deep grooves, leading to irritation, bad breath, or an increased risk of oral infections. Maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing of the tongue and dental check-ups, can help reduce the risk of complications and keep the mouth healthy.
Although fissured tongue itself does not usually require treatment, it’s essential to differentiate it from other oral conditions that may resemble fissures, such as oral thrush (candidiasis), oral lichen planus, or oral cancer. If you have concerns about fissured tongue or notice any changes in your oral health, it’s advisable to consult a dentist or healthcare professional for proper evaluation and advice. They can provide reassurance, address any concerns, and recommend appropriate management if necessary.
Bumps
Beneath the tongue often hosts canker sores (depicted here) — tiny, discomforting, reddish nodules that appear and vanish spontaneously. A singular, achy nodule at the apex might denote transient lingual papillitis, colloquially termed as «lie bumps,» which can surface when the tongue undergoes irritation. Furthermore, a viral infection could induce numerous small nodules along the tongue’s tip and edges. Should you detect a lump atop or beneath your tongue that persists and induces discomfort, it’s prudent to inform your doctor or dentist promptly. They will conduct an examination to rule out the possibility of oral cancer.
Smooth Tongue
A tongue lacking small protrusions on its surface may exhibit a glossy red appearance. This condition can arise due to insufficient intake of certain nutrients such as iron, folic acid, or B vitamins. Additionally, infections, celiac disease, or certain medications may contribute to this presentation. Presence of smooth patches adjacent to bumpy areas might indicate geographic tongue, a condition characterized by fluctuating patches on the tongue’s surface. These patches may intermittently cause discomfort or a burning sensation. While generally harmless, geographic tongue may sometimes be associated with conditions like psoriasis or lichen planus.
What should I do if there is something wrong with my tongue?
If you notice any unusual symptoms or changes in your tongue, it’s essential to take prompt action to address the issue. Here are some steps you can take if you suspect there’s something wrong with your tongue:
- Monitor the symptoms. Pay attention to any changes in the appearance, texture, or sensation of your tongue. Note if there are any accompanying symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, white patches, or difficulty swallowing.
- Practice good oral hygiene. Maintain good oral hygiene habits, including brushing your teeth and tongue regularly with a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Use a tongue scraper if necessary to remove debris and bacteria from the tongue’s surface.
- Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your mouth moist and prevent dryness, which can contribute to tongue issues.
- Avoid irritants. Avoid consuming hot, spicy, or acidic foods and beverages that may irritate the tongue. Limit alcohol and tobacco use, as they can also irritate the mouth and tongue.
- Seek medical advice. If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, or if you’re concerned about the condition of your tongue, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider or dentist for evaluation. They can examine your tongue, ask about your medical history, and recommend appropriate tests or treatments.
- Follow treatment recommendations. If a diagnosis is made, follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for treatment. This may include medication, lifestyle changes, or other interventions to address the underlying cause of your tongue issue.
- Stay informed. Educate yourself about common tongue conditions and their causes. However, avoid self-diagnosis and rely on the expertise of healthcare professionals for accurate assessment and treatment.
Remember that many tongue issues are benign and easily treatable, but it’s crucial to seek professional evaluation if you have concerns. Early detection and intervention can help prevent complications and ensure optimal oral health.